It’s a mutual-fund jungle out there. Here’s how to create a simple portfolio that works.

1. What exactly is a mutual fund?

A mutual fund pools money from hundreds and thousands of investors to construct a portfolio of stocks, bonds, real estate, or other securities, according to its charter. Each investor in the fund gets a slice of the total pie.

2. Mutual funds make it easy to diversify.

Most funds require only moderate minimum investments, from a few hundred to a few thousand dollars, enabling investors to construct a diversified portfolio much more cheaply than they could on their own.

3. There are many kinds of stock funds.

The number of categories is dizzying. Some examples: growth funds, which buy shares of burgeoning companies; sector funds, which buy shares of companies in a particular sector, such as technology or health care; and index funds, which buy shares of every stock in a particular index, such as the S&P 500.

4. Bond funds come in many different flavors too.

There are bond funds for every taste. If you want safe investments, consider government bond funds; if you’re willing to gamble on high-risk investments, try high-yield bond funds, also known as junk bond funds; and if you want to keep down your tax bill, try municipal bond funds.

5. Returns aren’t everything – also consider the risk taken to achieve those returns.

Before buying a fund, look at how risky its investments are. Can you tolerate big market swings for a shot at higher returns? If not, stick with low-risk funds. To assess risk level, check these three factors: the fund’s biggest quarterly loss, which will help you brace for the worst; its beta, which measures a fund’s volatility against the S&P 500; and the standard deviation, which shows how much a fund bounces around its average returns.

6. Low expenses are crucial.

In order to cover their expenses – and to make a profit – funds charge a percentage of total assets. At no more than a few percentage points a year, expenses may not sound substantial, but they create a serious drag on performance over time.

7. Taxes take a big bite out of performance.

Even if you don’t sell your fund shares, you could still end up stuck with a big tax bite. If a fund owns dividend-paying stocks, or if a fund manager sells some big winners, shareholders will owe their share of Uncle Sam’s bill. Investors are often surprised to learn they owe taxes – both for dividends and for capital gains – even for funds that have declined in value. Tax-efficient funds avoid rapid trading (and high short-term capital gains taxes) and match winning trades with losing trades.

8. Don’t chase winners.

Funds that rank very highly over one period rarely finish on top in later ones. When choosing a fund, look for consistent long-term results.

9. Index funds should be a core component of your portfolio.

Index funds track the performance of market benchmarks, such as the S&P 500. Such “passive” funds offer a number of advantages over “active” funds: Index funds tend to charge lower expenses and be more tax efficient, and there’s no risk the fund manager will make sudden changes that throw off your portfolio’s allocation. What’s more, most active mutual funds underperform the S&P index.

10. Don’t be too quick to dump a fund.

Any fund can – and probably will – have an off year. Though you may be tempted to sell a losing fund, first check to see whether it has trailed comparable funds for more than two years. If it hasn’t, sit tight. But if earnings have been consistently below par, it may be time to move on.

The above post is from the CNN Money series called “Money 101.” See the rest of lesson 6 here.

The market can be a great place to turn savings into wealth — or to lose your shirt. Here are some fundamentals of investing wisely.

1. Stocks aren’t just pieces of paper.

When you buy a share of stock, you are taking a share of ownership in a company. Collectively, the company is owned by all the shareholders, and each share represents a claim on assets and earnings.

2. There are many different kinds of stocks.

The most common ways to divide the market are by company size (measured by market capitalization), sector, and types of growth patterns. Investors may talk about large-cap vs. small-cap stocks, energy vs. technology stocks, or growth vs. value stocks, for example.

3. Stock prices track earnings.

Over the short term, the behavior of the market is based on enthusiasm, fear, rumors and news. Over the long term, though, it is mainly company earnings that determine whether a stock’s price will go up, down or sideways.

4. Stocks are your best shot for getting a return over and above the pace of inflation.

Since the end of World War II, through many ups and downs, the average large stock has returned close to 10% a year — well ahead of inflation, and the return of bonds, real estate and other savings vehicles. As a result, stocks are the best way to save money for long-term goals like retirement.

5. Individual stocks are not the market.

A good stock may go up even when the market is going down, while a stinker can go down even when the market is booming.

6. A great track record does not guarantee strong performance in the future.

Stock prices are based on projections of future earnings. A strong track record bodes well, but even the best companies can slip.

7. You can’t tell how expensive a stock is by looking only at its price.

Because a stock’s value depends on earnings, a $100 stock can be cheap if the company’s earnings prospects are high enough, while a $2 stock can be expensive if earnings potential is dim.

8. Investors compare stock prices to other factors to assess value.

To get a sense of whether a stock is over- or undervalued, investors compare its price to revenue, earnings, cash flow, and other fundamental criteria. Comparing a company’s performance expectations to those of its industry is also common — firms operating in slow-growth industries are judged differently than those whose sectors are more robust.

9. A smart portfolio positioned for long-term growth includes strong stocks from different industries.

As a general rule, it’s best to hold stocks from several different industries. That way, if one area of the economy goes into the dumps, you have something to fall back on.

10. It’s smarter to buy and hold good stocks than to engage in rapid-fire trading.

The cost of trading has dropped dramatically — it’s easy to find commissions for less than $10 a trade. But there are other costs to trading — including mark-ups by brokers and higher taxes for short-term trades — that stack the odds against traders. What’s more, active trading requires paying close attention to stock-price fluctuations. That’s not so easy to do if you’ve got a full-time job elsewhere. And it’s especially difficult if you are a risk-averse person, in which case the shock of quickly losing a substantial amount of your own money may prove extremely nerve-wracking.

The above post is from the CNN Money series called “Money 101.” See the rest of lesson 5 here.

An introduction to making money in stocks, bonds and mutual funds.

1. Over the long term, stocks have historically outperformed all other investments.

From 1926 to 2010, the S&P 500 returned an average annual 9.8% gain. The next best performing asset class is bonds. Long-term U.S. Treasurys returned, on average, 5.4% over the same period.

2. Over the short term, stocks can be hazardous to your financial health.

On Dec. 12, 1914, stocks experienced the worst one-day drop in stock market history — 24.4% . Oct. 19, 1987, the stock market lost 22.6%. More recently, the shocks have been prolonged and painful: If you had invested in a Nasdaq index fund around the time of the market’s peak in March 2000 you would have lost three-fourths of your money over the next three years. And in 2009, stocks overall lost a whopping 37%.

3. Risky investments generally pay more than safe ones (except when they fail).

Investors demand a higher rate of return for taking greater risks. That’s one reason that stocks, which are perceived as riskier than bonds, tend to return more. It also explains why long-term bonds pay more than short-term bonds. The longer investors have to wait for their final payoff on the bond, the greater the chance that something will intervene to erode the investment’s value.

4. The biggest single determiner of stock prices is earnings.

Over the short term, stock prices fluctuate based on everything from interest rates to investor sentiment to the weather. But over the long term, what matters are earnings.

5. A bad year for bonds looks like a day at the beach for stocks.

In 1994, the worst year for bonds in recent history, intermediate-term Treasury securities fell just 1.8%, and the following year they bounced back 14.4%. By comparison, in the 1973-74 crash, the Dow Jones industrial average fell 44%. It didn’t return to its old highs for more than three years or push significantly above the old highs for more than 10 years.

6. Rising interest rates are bad for bonds.

When interest rates go up, bond prices fall. Why? Because bond buyers won’t pay as much for an existing bond with a fixed interest rate of, say, 5% because they know that the fixed interest on a new bond will pay more because rates in general have gone up.

Conversely, when interest rates fall, bond prices go up in lockstep fashion. And the effect is strongest on bonds with the longest term, or time, to maturity. That is, long-term bonds get hit harder than short-term bonds when rates climb, and gain the most when rates fall.

7. Inflation may be the biggest threat to your long-term investments.

While a stock market crash can knock the stuffing out of your stock investments, so far — knock wood — the market has always bounced back and eventually gone on to new heights. However, inflation, which has historically stripped 3.2% a year off the value of your money, rarely gives back what it takes away. That’s why it’s important to put your retirement investments where they’ll earn the highest long-term returns.

8. U.S. Treasury bonds are as close to a sure thing as an investor can get.

The conventional wisdom is that the U.S. government is unlikely ever to default on its bonds – partly because the American economy has historically been fairly strong and partly because the government can always print more money to pay them off if need be. As a result, the interest rate of Treasurys is considered a risk-free rate, and the yield of every other kind of fixed-income investment is higher in proportion to how much riskier that investment is perceived to be. Of course, your return on Treasurys will suffer if interest rates rise, just like all other kinds of bonds.

9. A diversified portfolio is less risky than a portfolio that is concentrated in one or a few investments.

Diversifying — that is, spreading your money among a number of different types of investments — lessens your risk because even if some of your holdings go down, others may go up (or at least not go down as much). On the flip side, a diversified portfolio is unlikely to outperform the market by a big margin for exactly the same reason.

10. Index mutual funds often outperform actively managed funds.

In an index fund, the manager sets up his portfolio to mirror a market index — such as Standard & Poor’s 500-stock index — rather than actively picking which stocks to purchase. It is surprising, but true, that index funds often beat the majority of competitors among actively managed funds. One reason: Few actively managed funds can consistently outperform the market by enough to cover the cost of their generally higher expenses.

The above post is from the CNN Money series called “Money 101.” See the rest of lesson 4 here.

Financial literacy...not just for bookworms

In a recent report referenced by Southern Methodist University, in a study called “Economic Factors and the Debt Management Industry” by Richard Briesch PhD, 41 percent of households give themselves a C, D, or F in financial literacy.

That’s not good.

What’s your level of financial literacy?

1. 57 percent of households do not have a budget. DMB Financial starts every engagement with clients by jointly developing a budget. Knowing where you are, where you begin, is the first step towards better financial literacy.
2. 32 percent of households admit they have no savings. DMB Financial helps you set up an independent savings account at an FDIC insured institution. This is your savings account. It holds your savings. Creating a savings mechanism is a critical. It gives you the tools to make good financial decisions. You have a budget and, over time, develop a healthy savings amount. Now you just have to put that plan into action.
3. 77 percent of households admit they’re saving less this year than they saved last year. Even in tough economic times, with a good budget and the right savings plan, you can improve your savings situation over last year. The average DMB Financial client is saving over $700 a month by the time they graduate our debt settlement program! That’s amazing, especially considering the average income is around $50,000 a year.
4. There is no long-term plan for wealth creation. Rich people have financial plans, investments, and advisors. Are financial plans, investments, and advisors only for rich people? Or, are those people rich because they have a financial plan, investments, and advisors! Many graduating DMB Financial clients transition to our partner’s financial planning services. They start retirement savings, college funds, and some even start buying stocks and bonds. In just a few short years they go from being buried in debt to having a plan that gets them to $100,000 in the bank or more. Hello retirement. Hello paying for kids’ college. Hello new home.

Financial literacy isn’t something just for the rich and famous. DMB Financial enters every client into its 36-month financial literacy series of email newsletters. We partner with a major financial planning service. They provide our clients with free financial planning consultations to help identify their goals, their dreams, and put a plan in place to reach them.

Get out of debt. Then create wealth. Come join the financial literate!

—————————————————————-

For a free debt analysis and preliminary budget, call a Program Consultant at (866) 869-6959. You’ve got nothing to lose, except the debt.

This article is for informational and educational purposes only.  It is not intended to provide legal, tax or financial analysis.  Please consult your attorney, accountant or tax advisor if you have legal, financial planning, or tax related questions.

If you are nearing the completion of your debt settlement program you will soon be debt free and able to begin thinking about the future. Make the decision today to change from being a slave to credit card debt to being an active and successful long-term investor.

It has been a hard road to get to where you are today. You have changed your lifestyle, tightened your belt financially, reduced your monthly expenses, and have learned a hard lesson regarding credit card debt and its detrimental effect on your personal finances. But now that you have implemented effective strategies to get yourself out of debt, you can begin using these same strategies to become a successful investor, leading to increased financial freedom for you and your family.

When it comes to putting money aside for use in investments, the same rules that you used to set aside funds for your debt settlements apply. Stop accumulating debt, live within your means, develop a comprehensive monthly budget, reduce your monthly expenses, identify ways to save money around the house, and stick to the plan. Also be sure to pay yourself first with each paycheck. On payday, immediately place a portion of your income into a savings account before doing anything else.

Now that you have money set aside for investment use, its time to jump in with both feet. The first thing to keep in mind is that nothing happens overnight. Making successful investments is a long-term process. Even small investments can have a huge payoff if you have the patience to sit back and wait for them to mature. We’ve all heard stories about investors and day traders getting rich buying and immediately selling investments for a quick turnaround. In reality, this can just as easily backfire and leave you with investments that aren’t even worth what you paid. Ignore temporary fluctuations in your investments, and remember that you are in it for the long haul.

And when it comes to choosing your investments, you’ll need to do a bit of research and educate yourself on the current investment markets to select an investment that works for you. Think of it as your new hobby. If you don’t have the time or the patience to learn about the current investment markets, consider consulting with a licensed financial counselor to select investments that meet your needs.

This article is for informational and educational purposes only.  It is not intended to provide legal, tax or financial analysis.  Please consult your attorney, accountant or tax advisor if you have legal, financial planning, or tax related questions.

Effectively managing outstanding debt is the first step on the road to financial freedom. You’ve set yourself a budget, you’ve stuck with the plan, and you’ll soon be debt free. Now what? Take what you’ve learned and begin working towards a richer future.

Follow these six steps and you will soon be well on your way to easy street:

1.  Know Your Situation: Take the time to understand exactly where you are at financially. What is your total income? What are your debts? How much is left over after you pay bills? Using a spreadsheet or other type of software tool to map these numbers out in a “Personal Finance Sheet” makes it much simpler to identify how much you need for monthly expenses, and how much you can afford to put away for future investments or savings.
2. Set Goals for Your Future: Clearly define both your short- and long-term goals. Want to pay buy a $25,000 car in the next two years? How about retiring by 55 with $1 million in savings? The key here is to capture your goals somewhere and refer back to them periodically. Keep in mind that any goals you set should be realistic, specific, measurable, set within a certain timeframe, and actionable.
3. Explore Alternatives: No one is saying you need to continue down the financial path you are currently on, so what’s the harm in taking a look at alternative routes? When exploring your options you can choose to do one of four different things; stay the course, expand your strategy, modify your strategy, or adopt an entirely new strategy.
4. Evaluate: Now that you’ve identified the alternative strategies, evaluate the feasibility of each one and how it fits into your personal finance plan. The important thing here is to identify which options you can believe in and work towards.
5. Act: Now that you have your strategy mapped out it’s time to act. Begin by implementing the first actions identified in your goals, and go from there. If you find you cannot act on your chosen strategy for financial or other reasons, it may be time to take a step back and reevaluate the situation.
6. Measure: In order to know where you are at with your goals and to make projections for the future, you need to know how your financial strategy is working. Failure to measure your results frequently can cause you to lose sight of the goals you set up at the beginning of your planning.

Keeping a keen eye to the future through the use of these six steps will ultimately lead you to greater financial security. With a little work on your part, you can soon be living the good life — golf clubs and Cadillacs.

This article is for informational and educational purposes only.  It is not intended to provide legal, tax or financial analysis.  Please consult your attorney, accountant or tax advisor if you have legal, financial planning, or tax related questions.